INTRODUCTION
Islamic calligraphy was venerated as a kind of spiritual art and has been considered as a
sacred form of art by Muslims for a long time. Calligraphy is a kind of script that appeared
after the revolution of the Quran.In fact, Islamic calligraphy was developed for the purpose of
writing the Quran in a noble and beautiful style. Islamic calligraphy painting has a special
appearance compared to other kinds of calligraphy painting found around the world
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY ART
Islamic calligraphy started in the seventh century and continues to the late twentieth
century. The prophet Mohammed encourages both men and women to read and write.
During prophet Muhammad’s life, his followers began to read and write the Quran,
including the four early caliphs. The fourth caliph, Ail, was considered as the first master of
Islamic calligraphy
During the Umayyad era, improvements in Quranic writing began, with notable figures like
Ibrahim al-Shajari and Hassan Al-Basri contributing to the development of calligraphy. The
transition to the Abbasid period saw Baghdad emerge as a center for calligraphy,
producing renowned calligraphers like Dahak bin Ajlan and Ishaq bin Hammad. Ibn Muqla, a prominent figure from Baghdad, established rules and measurements for Arabic calligraphy, known as the "golden virtues." Subsequent calligraphers like Yaqut al-Mustasimi and Ibn al-Bawwab further refined calligraphy styles, contributing to the evolution of Islamic calligraphy. The Abbasid era saw the emergence of six primary calligraphy styles, including Naskhi, Thuluth, and Muhaqqaq, with each serving distinct purposes. Following the Abbasid era, the Ottoman period ushered in a golden age of calligraphy, with Ottoman calligraphers excelling in Quranic copying and decorative inscriptions, notably through the Tugra style.
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